If the nature of the area where the residential building is located, and the availability of capital does not limit you in the choice and acquisition of the necessary materials, it is better to dwell on the most perfect way to lay the sewage system according to the septic tank + filter well.
However, an obstacle to the construction of a well can be a high level of groundwater: they can mix with wastewater, and the effect will not be achieved. In this case, they are limited to installing a septic tank (containers for upholding and filtering the used water) and arranging filter channels.
The most economical way to arrange stack is a cesspool. Applying it, it is necessary to strictly comply with the sanitary norms established by law. This requirement is justified by the fact that with a high level of groundwater there is a threat of infection of drinking water and plants grown nearby.
Further in detail about each of the elements of the sewer system.
Septic
Septic tank – a reservoir where there is a defending and filtering of dirty waters. It can be a special metal or plastic container. Factory containers for the septic tank are one-, two-, three-chamber. Manufacturers make containers and on order. Often a septic tank is built on their own using a lane stone, reinforced concrete, concrete. The inner surface of a homemade septic tank is isolated by means of special waterproofing materials that do not miss moisture.
The principle of operation of the septic tank
By the pipeline, waste falls into the first chamber, where they are processed in a natural way – bacteria living without oxygen access. Large particles in the first container settle to the bottom and subsequently pump out an automated way.
Water that has passed the rough cleaning stage through the lock enters the second chamber. Here, under the influence of special reagents, the waste particles of household chemicals used by a person are declining.
From the second chamber, water enters the third compartment, from where the filter well is directed by the pipeline or, when using the technology of filter channels, is displayed into the ground. Gas collected in the chamber is excreted through a special ventilation channel.
Installation and construction of a septic tank
To install a septic tank made at the factory, dig a hole. It should be larger than the capacity in size and is located at a distance of at least 5 m from a residential building. In order to avoid washing the septic tank with soil waters, a concrete slab is laid at the bottom of the pit, to which the container is attached using a steel cable. The distance between the walls of the pit and a plastic container must be filled with a mixture of cement and sand.
With independent manufacture of a septic tank using granite, sprouts and concrete, it is necessary to observe the manufacturing technology of reinforced concrete structures for the foundation. To do without the help of specialists, you need to be guided by the recommendations:
– Before pouring on the bottom of the pit, pre -bound reinforcement or a special reinforcing mesh is laid,
– The bottom of the pit is poured with concrete in the ratio of 3 parts of the sand and 1 part of the cement with the addition of the required amount of crushed stone (according to the technology for manufacturing the structure).
For the walls of the septic tank, it is best to use masonry made of silicate brick or whole stone. Waterproofing is provided due to the masonry thickness not in the brick, and the use of hydraulic -resistant plasticizing additives to concrete mixtures. The inner surface of the walls is treated with moisture -resistant material: liquid glass or bitumen.
Sometimes in the design use sheet metal or slate. But metal requires welding and is corrosion during operation. Slate – not strong enough material for this purpose.
The walls of a homemade septic tank can be fully made of concrete. For the manufacture of the structure, a wooden formwork is installed in the pit at the desired distance from the walls, which should be as smooth as possible. Parallel to reinforcing the monolith, pour a solution between the walls of the pit and formwork. After the solution is completely solidified, the formwork is dismantled.
The installed septic tank cover should fit tightly and have a ventilation hole for the output of methane.
Find out how to make ventilation in a private house in this article.
Filter well
For the construction of the well, you can use special concrete rings of different diameters, but not less than 1 m., silicate brick, bottle stone, concrete blocks. The option is possible using car, used, large tires, which, during installation, are laid one on the other and fastened with a cable or reinforcement.
The depth of the pit for the well is determined by the level of groundwater. The diameter of the pit should be larger than the diameter of the concrete ring by 60 – 80 cm. The bottom of the pit should be concreted so that the contour of the ring lowered into the pit is based on the concrete surface, and the center of the pit was not flooded with cement mortar. Each next ring is installed using a cement mortar.
The bottom of the well and the distance between the walls of the pit and the rings are covered with crushed stone, brick or concrete blocks. This prevents clogging and tightening holes in the walls made for water stack. The number of holes is arbitrary and depends on the volume of liquid drained into the sewer. Their diameter 5-8 cm.
The drain pipe leading from the septic tank is inserted into the well through a hole specially made in the ring. The edge of the pipe must retreat from the wall by at least 10 cm to prevent erosion.
The well is covered with a concrete lid with a hatch and a hole for a ventilation pipe. You can use the finished factory reinforced concrete product.
If the construction of the filter well is impossible, the filter channel is laid. Before laying sewer pipes, one or more trenches dug from the septic tank in the direction of the building. They put pipes with a large number of small holes in them. Septic fluid enters the perforated pipes, from which, having passed the final cleaning, flows into the ground.
Cesspool
Cesspool – the simplest building. Materials can be used for construction, which for a septic tank and a well, but no holes should be. There is no filtering process in the pit. The waste in it only accumulates and retains, and should not fall into the ground. The contents of the pit are pumped out by a special machine and taken to specially designated places.
Features of the installation of the output system
When arranging sewage system according to the septic tank + filter well, pipes from the house lead to a septic tank. From the septic tank, a defended and passed first stage of filtering water through the pipes is allocated to the well, from where it falls into the ground.
Pipes for the removal of wastewater must be laid at a depth of at least 80 cm from the surface of the earth. Such a depth of laying a sewer pipe is necessary in order to prevent it freezing in winter. By mounting the pipeline, you need to observe the angle of slope in the direction of the drain. Which bias of the sewer pipe is the most optimal, you will have to calculate, but not less than 2 cm per linear meter pipes. At the bottom of the trench where the pipes are laid, the sand is poured – this will prevent plastic deformation during soil sagging. After laying, the pipe also needs to be filled with a layer of sand, then earth.
A few decades ago, metal pipes were used in the sewers, for the connection of which welding was used. Today, sewer pipes of different diameters are made of plastic (PVC). Their connection is carried out in a faster, in a reliable border way. Sewer wiring in a private house is carried out using connectors, knees, tees and adapters in the docking sites.
In the pipes and devices for their connection, special grooves are provided, where sealing rubber rings are installed. By connecting sections, sometimes they use silicone for reliability Pacley Flax, which can be bought in a construction store. This method or the use of special reinforcement avoids the course of. After a certain distance, it is recommended to install the tee connector with the output of the pipe to the surface – this makes it possible to clean the drain in case of clogging.
Technology, tools, materials
To arrange a sewage system of a large private house, a technique is used:
excavator;
bar;
digging drill;
tap for installation of reinforced concrete.
But the alignment of the walls of the pit can be done exclusively by hand.
If you have to use a lot of concrete solution, you should worry about a concrete mixer or order a finished solution. For installation, you will need the tools of the mason.
The perforator is used to make holes in the floor of a residential building or in ceilings, if the structure has more than 1 floor, in the foundation at the place of pipe output. This tool performs small diameter holes in the walls of the filter well and filter channels.
A fragment of the pipe of the desired length can be cut off by ordinary hacksaw on metal or grinder.