Neurogenic inflammation in acute migraine attacks is characterized by a TVS activation-induced release of neuropeptides, such as CGRP and substance P, from trigeminal nerve fibers at the dura, which causes increased vascular permeability, plasma protein extravasation, leukocyte infiltration, vasodilation, mast cell degranulation, activation of meningeal nociceptors, and the subsequent release of inflammatory mediators (5)
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Experimental models utilise Vitamin B-12 to investigate cofactor-dependent enzymatic activity, intracellular transport mechanisms, and nutrientenzyme interactions under controlled conditions
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Most weight loss occurs within the first year of treatment