The M2b subset most accurately reflects the intermediate phase between M1 and M2 with the release of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-10, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF- which promote a Th2 response as well as tissue remodeling
Am J Biomed Res 8:5458 Best SA, De Souza DP, Kersbergen A, Policheni AN, Dayalan S, Tull D, Rathi V, Gray DH, Ritchie ME, McConville MJ, Sutherland KD (2018) Synergy between the KEAP1/NRF2 and PI3K pathways drives non-small-cell lung cancer with an altered immune microenvironment
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Additionally, TMAO prevents cardiac mitochondria from oxidizing fatty acids and pyruvate, which may have an impact on energy metabolism [44]