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The peptide has an arginine in place of glutamic acid at position 3, and an extra 13-amino-acid extension on the front (the N-terminus ), making the full chain 83 amino acids instead of native IGF-1's 70
To the extent that hyperglycemia contributes to renal injury and nephropathy, the antihyperglycemic effects of long-term DPP-4 inhibition might be expected to slow the rate of decline of glomerular function, if this benefit can be sustained for prolonged periods of time [83, 84]
Gerli S, Della Morte C, Ceccobelli M, et al
Without ethanol in the bloodstream, there is no risk of toxicity, overdose, or impaired judgment