2.3 Role of taste receptors in the gastrointestinal hormone secretion Although, we commonly associate TRCs and TASR only to the oral cavity, they are also localized in extra-oral tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, where they participate in energy homeostasis by modulating enteroendocrine hormone release (GLP-1, GIP, CCK, PYY) and nutrient sensing, thereby influencing gastric emptying and metabolic adjustments (e.g., glycemia) (59, 60)
Storoni M, Chan CK, Cheng AC, Chan NC, Leung CK
and the yo-yo effect these are long-term / life-long medications, so many people who stop taking the drugs gain the weight back
While there is some existing research on berberine as a standalone supplement, the evidence doesn't support the idea that it works as effectively as a prescription GLP-1 medication , and studies on the transdermal delivery method (absorbing supplements through the skin) for these ingredients are lacking
Most people have some combination of all three
